A Purdue University-led team of scientists studying the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) reports that it found molecules that shut down the activity of an essential enzyme in the virus and could lead the way to better treatments for those infected.
The virus is in the international spotlight again as South Korea faces the largest MERS outbreak outside the Middle East. More than 2,800 people have been quarantined during the outbreak. The World Health Organization yesterday reported 27 deaths and 172 confirmed cases in its most recent update.
“The virus affects people differently. For many the symptoms are not life-threatening, but for others it can lead to severe respiratory distress,” said Andrew Mesecar, Ph.D., Purdue's Walther Professor of Cancer Structural Biology and professor of biological sciences and chemistry who leads the research team. “It is a threat to public health we take very seriously, and there currently is no treatment or vaccine. We continue to study the virus to improve our understanding of how it works and ways to prevent its spread.”
The team published a study, “Ligand-induced dimerization of MERS coronavirus nsp5 protease (3CLpro): Implications for nsp5 regulation and the development of antivirals,” June 8 in the Journal of Biological Chemistry. The study details the identification of molecules that inhibit an enzyme essential to MERS virus replication, and also the discovery of a characteristic of the enzyme that is different from other coronaviruses, the family of viruses to which MERS-CoV belongs.
“This enzyme is a prime target. We were excited to find an inhibitor that worked, but we were puzzled by the results,” Dr. Mesecar noted. “The behavior was very different from what our work with SARS and other related coronaviruses predicted. So, we investigated what was happening in order to put together the whole story. Now we have new, valuable information for the scientific community working on MERS.”
The team was targeting an enzyme within the MERS virus called 3C-like protease, without which the virus cannot create more viruses to further an infection. Once inside the cell, the virus creates a long strand of a large viral protein that must be cut at specific points to release individual proteins that serve various functions in building new virus particles. The 3C-like protease is responsible for making 11 of the necessary cuts for successful viral replication, and without it, the process shuts down.
A single copy of the 3C-like protease must find and bond to another identical 3C-like protease “twin” in order to perform its function. Proteins that require bonding to a twin protein to perform their function are called dimers. All proteases in coronaviruses are dimers, and most have a strong attraction to proteins of their identical type and bond very tightly to form the dimer.
Dr. Mesecar and his colleagues found that the MERS protease is unusual in that it does not have a strong attraction to its identical proteases and therefore does not readily form its dimer. This means an individual MERS 3C-like protease will remain single much longer and its dimer will break apart much more easily than the SARS protease or those of other coronaviruses.
The team found that formation of the MERS protease dimer can be stimulated by the binding of a third molecule at a particular site on its surface to trigger the formation of a strong dimer. The particular site is where the protease would normally bond to the strand of protein it is meant to cut. When this bond is formed, the protease has an increased affinity for other 3C-like proteases and creates a stronger bond as it forms its dimer, explained Dr. Mesecar.
This also was the site the team was targeting with an inhibitor molecule. By sending another molecule to attach to and block this key site, the protease would be unable to bind to the strand of viral protein, and viral replication would be shut down.
However, there was a twist to what happened when the team began to add inhibitor molecules to interact with the protease. At low doses, the inhibitor increased the ability of a single MERS protease to find a twin, effectively activating the protease. Once the inhibitor bound to a single copy of the protease, it rapidly sought out a second identical protease to form a dimer. If the second protease had a vacant binding site, it was capable of binding to and cutting the strand of viral protein necessary for replication, continued Dr. Mesecar.
As the team looked further into this unexpected result and increased the dose of the inhibitor, the scientists found that it would fill the target sites of all of the 3C-like proteases, and that its activity would be successfully blocked.
“We were very surprised to see that this inhibitor molecule, [which] could potentially shut down the virus, may also have the potential to increase its activity,” said Dr. Mesecar. “At low inhibitor concentrations, we saw an increase in the protease's activity, but at high concentrations, it was shut down completely. This makes it complicated as the work continues to turn this inhibitor into a viable treatment. We must be sure that all of the target molecules bind with the inhibitor.”
The team studied the interaction of the inhibitor molecule with 3C-like protease isolated from the MERS virus, but next plans to study the interaction of the inhibitor with a complete virus inside a cell.
“We captured the protease's atomic structure through this work, which provides the map to design potent new drugs to fight MERS,” said Dr. Mesecar, who also is deputy director of the Purdue University Center for Cancer Research.
