Adult cells can recover the memories of their past lives, developmental stage by developmental stage, going all the way back to their embryonic origins. This cell-level exercise in past life regression does not require that cells be mesmerized. Rather, cells can have their enhancer DNA examined for suppressive epigenetic modifications, which amount to an archive of developmental turning points.

Enhancer DNA that is decommissioned during development may be recommissioned in the absence of a protein called polycomb repressive Complex 2. Then, under certain conditions, cells can play the story of their development in reverse to switch on genes that were active in the fetal state.

This form of embryonic memory was discovered by scientists based at the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute.

“Adult cells maintain a catalog of all of the genes in use early in development—a record of the stage in which organs and tissues are formed within the embryo,” said Ramesh Shivdasani, MD, PhD. “Beyond the sheer existence of this archive, we were surprised to find that it doesn’t remain permanently locked away but can be accessed by cells under certain conditions. The implications of this discovery for how we think about cells’ capabilities, and for the future treatment of degenerative and other diseases, are potentially profound.”

The findings may open a new chapter in regenerative medicine, as scientists explore whether cell memory can be harnessed to generate replacement tissue for organs that are damaged or diseased, the study authors say. Since such tissue would be derived from patients’ own cells, there would be no risk of rejection by the immune system.

The discovery may also hold promise for cancer treatment. It’s thought that one of the ways cancer cells gain the ability to leave the original tumor and metastasize is by switching on genes that were active during fetal development but later became dormant. Knowing that cells keep a record of their once-active enhancers may suggest new targets for therapies aimed at halting or preventing metastasis in patients.

Details about the Dana-Farber team’s work on embryonic memory appeared March 21 in Molecular Cell, in an article titled, “Extensive Recovery of Embryonic Enhancer and Gene Memory Stored in Hypomethylated Enhancer DNA.”

“We find that, in adult mouse cells, hypomethylated CpG dinucleotides preserve a nearly complete archive of tissue-specific developmental enhancers,” wrote the article’s authors. “Sites that carry the active histone mark H3K4me1, and are therefore considered ‘primed,’ are mainly cis elements that act late in organogenesis. In contrast, sites decommissioned early in development retain hypomethylated DNA as a singular property.”

The embryonic memory discovered by Shivdasani and his colleagues takes the form of molecules called methyl groups that bind to and detach from the DNA within cells. The placement of these methyl groups—which portion of DNA they bind to, and in what numbers—determines which genes are active and which are not. The arrangement of methyl groups in a given section of DNA is known as its methylation pattern.

In the new study, researchers focused on the methylation pattern of regions of DNA known as enhancers. Enhancers can be thought of as keys for switching genes on and off. To activate a gene, DNA forms a loop that brings an enhancer close to the coding portion of the gene—the section that contains the blueprint for making a protein. Then, along with other regions of DNA and specialized proteins, the genetic code embedded in DNA is converted into RNA.

Over the course of embryonic and fetal development, as cells evolve to take on the specific characteristics of the hundreds of types of adult tissues, cells “are constantly making choices about what kind of cell they will become,” Shivdasani explained. “This process, known as cell differentiation, involves cells flipping different genes on and off using different enhancers.” At each stage of development, particular sets of enhancers become active, much as individual sections of an orchestra play during different portions of a symphony.

By the time a child is fully formed, the set of active enhancers remains largely unchanged for the remainder of life (although the liver, for example, becomes larger as a child grows, its identity as a liver is consistent). For the most part, enhancers that were used early in development but are now idle “look like they’ve been shut down,” Shivdasani said. “They don’t seem to have the features of activity.”

One of the distinguishing features of enhancers is that certain sections of them—where the C molecule of the genetic code is followed by the G molecule—are largely shorn of methyl groups, a state known as hypomethylation. This is true even of enhancers that have been shut down after their role in embryonic development ended. Scientists didn’t know, however, how extensively cells preserve this memory of their earliest incarnations, and whether these memories can be accessed.

The results of the new study were illuminating on both counts. In intestinal cells from adult mice, Shivdasani and his colleagues found a nearly complete archive of enhancers that were active in the formative stages of intestinal development. Moreover, they found that mothballed enhancers could be returned to activity.

“In adult intestinal and blood cells, sustained absence of polycomb repressive complex 2 indirectly reactivates most—and only—hypomethylated developmental enhancers,” the authors of the new study indicated. “Embryonic and fetal transcriptional programs re-emerge as a result, in reverse chronology to cis element inactivation during development.”

At this point, researchers can only speculate about why adult cells preserve these molecular memories. One possibility is that they’re simply relics of an earlier stage of cells’ lineage—fossils of their course of development. Another is that cells may need to summon these memories—to bring them to life, in effect—in order to generate fresh tissue to repair damage. “If the body needs to regenerate tissue that is damaged, it may be necessary for cells within that tissue to replay what happened in the embryo,” Shivdasani stated.

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