A common mutation in gliomas sensitizes them to immunotherapy, a finding that researchers believe could have broader therapeutic implications for all glioma patients, according to new mouse model findings (“G-CSF secreted by mutant IDH1 glioma stem cells abolishes myeloid cell immunosuppression and enhances the efficacy of immunotherapy”) from the University of Michigan (U-M) Health Rogel Cancer Center and published in Science Advances.

Glioblastoma brain cancer, CT scan
Glioblastoma brain cancer. Colored computed tomography (CT) scan of a section through the brain of an 84-year-old female patient with glioblastoma (dark, top). Glioblastoma is the most aggressive form of brain cancer. Treatment involves surgery, after which chemotherapy and radiation therapy are used. However, the cancer usually reoccurs despite treatment and the most common length of survival after diagnosis is 12-15 months. Without treatment, survival is typically three months. [Dr. P. Marazzi/Science Photo Library/Getty Images]

The flip of a single amino acid from arginine to histidine in a subset of these brain and nervous system tumors sets off a series of changes that, it turns out, sensitizes them to treatment with immune-stimulating therapy, to which they would otherwise be largely resistant. Having discovered this sensitivity and mapped the underlying mechanisms, the research team identified a blood growth factor secreted by tumors harboring the mutation—one already used by doctors to stimulate the production of white blood cells and reduce the risk of infection in patients receiving chemotherapy—that holds promise for making treatments against gliomas more effective.

“Mutant isocitrate-dehydrogenase 1 (mIDH1) synthesizes the oncometabolite 2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG), which elicits epigenetic reprogramming of the glioma cells’ transcriptome by inhibiting DNA and histone demethylases. We show that the efficacy of immune-stimulatory gene therapy (TK/Flt3L) is enhanced in mIDH1 gliomas, due to the reprogramming of the myeloid cells’ compartment infiltrating the tumor microenvironment (TME),” write the investigators.

“We uncovered that the immature myeloid cells infiltrating the mIDH1 TME are mainly nonsuppressive neutrophils and preneutrophils. Myeloid cell reprogramming was triggered by granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) secreted by mIDH1 glioma stem/progenitor-like cells. Blocking G-CSF in mIDH1 glioma–bearing mice restores the inhibitory potential of the tumor-infiltrating myeloid cells, accelerating tumor progression. We demonstrate that G-CSF reprograms bone marrow granulopoiesis, resulting in noninhibitory myeloid cells within mIDH1 glioma TME and enhancing the efficacy of immune-stimulatory gene therapy.”

Maria Castro, PhD, and Pedro Lowenstein, MD, PhD, at work in the lab. [Bryan McCullough, Michigan Medicine]
“It’s been known for about a decade that patients with low-grade gliomas that have this IDH1 mutation have a much longer median survival,” said the study’s co-senior author Maria Castro, PhD, a professor of neurosurgery and cell and developmental biology at U-M. “We set out to try to understand why, and to see if there were any differences that could be harnessed to improve outcomes more broadly.”

In a mouse model of glioma without the IDH1 mutation, administering G-CSF, the blood growth factor produced by their mutant cousins, more than doubled median survival times. When immunotherapy was also added in, the effect was even more profound, the study found.

Even low-grade gliomas are uniformly fatal, eventually coming back after treatment with some combination of chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery. “It’s an inescapable destiny, so we really need new therapies,” Castro said.

First, they needed a mouse model

When the team started, there weren’t any mouse models for this low-grade glioma subtype, one with the IDH1 mutation and two other mutations that are always found with it. So, they developed one.

Doing so allowed them to better study the biological impact of the mutation as well as the effects of an immune system-stimulating gene therapy on mice with and without the mutation.

The treatment, called TK+Flt3L, for herpes simplex type-I thymidine kinase plus Fms-like tyrosine kinase ligand-mediated immune stimulatory gene therapy, is the same one that was developed by the group and then deployed in a Phase 1 clinical trial against glioblastoma at U-M led by study co-senior author Pedro Lowenstein, MD, PhD, a professor of neurosurgery and of cell and developmental biology.

“For the non-mutant tumors, when we treated the animals with the immunotherapy, it improved survival and there were a significant number, more than 20%, that were tumor-free at the end of the experiment,” Lowenstein said. “But in the mice with the IDH1 mutation, we saw a really profound effect—90% survived long-term and remained tumor free.”

Using a number of sophisticated techniques including single-cell RNA sequencing, the researchers discovered that in the non-mutant tumors, immunotherapy was less effective due to a previously unknown population of immune-suppressing cells in the tumor microenvironment.

In the tumors with mutated IDH1, however, these same cells were present, but they functioned differently and had lost their immune-suppressive properties, explained first author Mahmoud Alghamri, PhD, a postdoctoral research fellow in the Castro-Lowenstein lab.

The single amino acid difference in IDH1 was enough to change the enzyme’s function and cause it to produce a new metabolite—hydroxyglutarate, or 2HG.

“What this metabolite does is elicit a very profound epigenetic remodeling, that is, it changes the gene expression within the tumor cells,” Castro added. “And what we found was that this leads to the production and release of a blood growth factor called granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, or G-CSF.”

And it is G-CSF that causes changes to the immune-suppressive cells in the tumor microenvironment, causing them to stop being immune-suppressive, the team painstakingly pieced together.

Bench-to-bedside

Armed with this knowledge, further experiments showed that giving G-CSF, which is already used clinically as an immune system booster in cancer patients to mice with non-mutant IDH1 also increased their survival. And giving it in combination with the immune-stimulating gene therapy had an even bigger impact.

The team also confirmed that patients who have gliomas with mutated IDH1 also have higher levels of G-CSF circulating in their blood, a clue that the findings might be applicable beyond the mouse models.

The next step, says Lowenstein, will be to work on moving these findings into a clinical trial, building on the current, ongoing trial using the immunotherapy/gene therapy combination.

“Our study shows two main things: Patients with the IDH1 mutation may benefit from immunotherapy due to the G-CSF their tumors are producing,” he said. “And patients without the mutation may benefit from combining treatment with G-CSF and immunotherapy.”

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