Washington State University (WSU) scientists and collaborators say they have developed a technique to detect biomarkers for Alzheimer’s disease that is 10 times more sensitive than current blood testing technology.
While still in the initial stages of development, the research could lead to earlier detection of the neurodegenerative brain disease that affects 5.8 million people in the U.S., according to the team. That number is predicted to rise to 14 million Americans by 2050.
Led by research professor Dan (Annie) Du, PhD, in WSU’s School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, the researchers report on their work to use an artificial enzyme to detect the Alzheimer’s biomarkers in the Science partner journal, Research. PhD students Zhaoyuan Lyu and Shichao Ding are the co-first authors of the paper “Single-Atom Nanozymes Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Sensitive Detection of Aβ 1-40: A Biomarker of Alzheimer’s Disease.”
“Single-atom nanozymes (SANs) possess unique features of maximum atomic utilization and present highly assembled enzyme-like structure and remarkable enzyme-like activity. By introducing SANs into immunoassay, limitations of ELISA such as low stability of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) can be well addressed, thereby improving the performance of the immunoassays,” write the investigators.
“In this work, we have developed novel Fe-N-C single-atom nanozymes (Fe-Nx SANs) derived from Fe-doped polypyrrole (PPy) nanotube and substituted the enzymes in ELISA kit for enhancing the detection sensitivity of amyloid beta 1–40. Results indicate that the Fe-Nx SANs contain high density of single-atom active sites and comparable enzyme-like properties as HRP, owing to the maximized utilization of Fe atoms and their abundant active sites, which could mimic natural metalloproteases structures.
“Further designed SAN-linked immunosorbent assay (SAN-LISA) demonstrates the ultralow limit of detection (LOD) of 0.88 pg/mL, much more sensitive than that of commercial ELISA (9.98pg/mL). The results confirm that the Fe-Nx SANs can serve as a satisfactory replacement of enzyme labels, which show great potential as an ultrasensitive colorimetric immunoassay.”
For Alzheimer’s disease, doctors most often diagnose patients based on their symptoms. By that time, the patients often already have severe brain damage. Imaging technology such as magnetic resonance imaging and CT scans can also be used to help confirm the disease, but they are not suitable for early-stage diagnosis.
Occasionally, doctors may test spinal fluid to look for beta-amyloid proteins, markers of the disease, but the process is more invasive than a simple blood test would be.
One common way of testing blood is the ELISA which is used to test for a variety of diseases such as HIV, which causes AIDS, and Lyme Disease. The ELISA uses a natural enzyme found in the roots of horseradish that can change color to indicate the presence of disease biomarkers. But using the technique to detect the beta-amyloid proteins of Alzheimer’s is difficult because their levels in the blood are too small.
Last year, the WSU researchers created a nanozyme using a single-atom architecture that was able to work as efficiently as natural enzymes. A nanozyme is made of single iron atoms embedded in nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes.
For this work, the researchers reportedly were able to use their single-atom nanozyme to mimic the active site of a natural enzyme and to detect the Alzheimer’s Disease proteins at levels 10 times lower than commercially available ELISA tests.
“The nanozyme based on a single-atom catalyst that we created has a similar structure as a natural enzyme with remarkable enzyme-like activity and paved the way for detecting the Alzheimer’s Disease biomarker,” Du says.
The nanozyme was also more robust than natural enzymes, which can degrade in acidic environments or in high temperatures. It is also less expensive and could be stored for long periods of time, Du adds.
The next step of the research will involve testing their method with real blood samples.
In addition to the WSU team, scientists from Singapore helped to model the nanozyme’s structure, and Oregon State University and University of California researchers helped to characterize the single-atom catalysts.
