Scientists report that they have used a cellular reprogramming methodology to allow the creation of neural networks that reproduce unique characteristics of human cells—different from those obtained from rodent cells—with temporary dynamics that recall human brain development.
The researchers, who published their study (“Long-term Calcium Imaging Reveals Functional Development in iPSC derived Cultures Comparable to Human but not Rat Primary Cultures”) in Stem Cells Reports, believe cellular models based on reprogrammed human cells could boost the development of novel therapies in the fight against neuropathies while simultaneously reducing the use of animals in the lab.
Despite sharing a large part of our genome with most mammals, “there are considerable differences between our cells and those of other species such as rodents, which are used as animal models for most pathologies,” noted Daniel Tornero, PhD, from the department of biomedicine at the University of Barcelona. “In particular, there are significant differences in the brain, especially in terms of organization and connectivity. This makes our cognitive capacities so different and it also explains why the defects that give rise to the pathologies that affect our brains are not reproduced in the same way in the brains of these animals.”
The limits of animal model studies could be overcome by cell reprogramming technology, based on the induction of human pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). This is a technique that can generate cultures of any cell type from the cells of an adult person with the potential for clinical application in cell therapy and regenerative medicine.
As part of the study, the team applied the technique of intracellular calcium level recordings to compare the properties of neuronal cultures generated with cell reprogramming technology from human cells with those obtained from rodent and human brains. This method provides an indirect measure of neuronal activity: during the nerve impulse, which is transmitted from one neuron to the next, calcium levels rise in a characteristic way and can be recorded by intracellular calcium sensors.
The system allows high-resolution monitoring of neuronal activity dynamically throughout the life of the culture. The experimental strategy is completed with the use of special plates that allow the tracking of the same group of cells by means of marks incorporated into the culture surface, a technique that minimizes variables and generates more reliable and valuable results for the study of neural networks.
Differences between different neural circuits
Reportedly, for the first time, the team has been able to study and differentiate the characteristics of the different neuronal circuits generated, biological structures that at first glance might appear identical. The results show that neurons of human origin behave differently when it comes to generating neural circuits from a functional point of view. These characteristics may partly explain the problems associated with animal models used to study human brain pathologies.
“First of all, what strikes us most is the time scale that determines the generation and maturation of the neural network. The cultures derived from human cells show a rich and gradual dynamic behavior so that the maturation process of the neuronal network generated is clearly observed from 20 days to 45 days of culture,” added Tornero. “During this period, and thanks to the different descriptors that we have developed, we have been able to analyze how the neural network gains in complexity over time, as the human neurons become more and more connected to each other,” the researchers added.
“However, neural circuits generated from rodent cells show monotonic behavior from short times, with little change throughout their evolution,” explained Tornero.
Cellular models based on reprogrammed human cells are emerging as a relevant intermediate step between animal studies and clinical applications. The generation of these cellular models for the study of diseases based on reprogrammed human cells is well established in preclinical studies (2D cultures or organs-on-chip systems) and more recently, in the generation of 3D systems based on the use of biomaterials, organoids, or bioprinting.
In regenerative medicine, the application of this technology in cell therapy strategies reveals great potential and there are many clinical trials on various pathologies (type 1 diabetes, myocardial infarction, spinal cord injury, macular degeneration, Parkinson’s disease, etc.). Establishing safe and reliable protocols and generating cell banks compatible with the different allogeneic groups that exist in the population are some of the most ambitious challenges in this field of study.
“These new approaches can be valuable to validate different therapies preclinically, especially when studying pathologies that affect complex processes based on the organization of neuronal circuits (neurodevelopmental diseases, autism spectrum disorder, neurodegenerative pathologies, etc.),” continued Tornero.
“In addition, cell reprogramming based on the induction of human pluripotent stem cells would make it possible to generate patient-specific models and, using gene editing tools (such as the CRISPR/Cas9 technique), it would be possible to obtain control cells in which the mutation that causes the pathology is corrected,” the researchers concluded.
Researchers from the University of Lund in Sweden contributed to the study.
