Scientists at the Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC) in Spain say they have identified a nuclear import mechanism essential for organ growth and development. Manipulation of this mechanism has potential applications in the control of organ growth and organ regeneration, according to the researchers, who published their study “Mechanical control of nuclear import by Importin-7 is regulated by its dominant cargo YAP” in Nature Communications.
“Mechanical forces regulate multiple essential pathways in the cell. The nuclear translocation of mechanoresponsive transcriptional regulators is an essential step for mechanotransduction. However, how mechanical forces regulate the nuclear import process is not understood,” write the investigators.
“Here, we identify a highly mechanoresponsive nuclear transport receptor (NTR), Importin-7 (Imp7), that drives the nuclear import of YAP, a key regulator of mechanotransduction pathways. Unexpectedly, YAP governs the mechanoresponse of Imp7 by forming a YAP/Imp7 complex that responds to mechanical cues through the Hippo kinases MST1/2. Furthermore, YAP behaves as a dominant cargo of Imp7, restricting the Imp7 binding and the nuclear translocation of other Imp7 cargoes such as Smad3 and Erk2.
“Thus, the nuclear import process is an additional regulatory layer indirectly regulated by mechanical cues, which activate a preferential Imp7 cargo, YAP, which competes out other cargoes, resulting in signaling crosstalk.”
Organ growth and regeneration require the entry into the cell nucleus of proteins that activate essential genes for these processes. This process was the subject of the new study by CNIC scientists, led by Miguel Ángel del Pozo Barriuso, PhD, who heads the Mechanoadaptation and Caveolae Biology group, and group member Asier Echarri Aguirre, PhD.
The scientists have identified the mechanism that controls the nuclear import of these proteins in response to mechanical stimuli, such as the hemodynamic forces generated by arterial blood flow, tumor rigidity, or locomotory movements during routine activities like walking or sports.
Nuclear entry of key regulatory factors
Most biological processes require the nuclear entry of key regulatory factors. Processes such as fetal development, tissue regeneration after trauma or infarction, cardiovascular disease, and cancer generate mechanical signals that stimulate cell multiplication to regenerate the damaged tissue or remodel the surrounding tissue matrix.
These events require specific factors that are activated by mechanical signals and enter the nucleus, where they activate the expression of genes required to promote organ growth or regeneration.
“One of the most important of these factors is the protein YAP,” explained del Pozo Barriuso. “Its nuclear import is a highly regulated process, and only takes place when specifically required. Macromolecules like YAP enter the nucleus through nuclear pores by binding to a nuclear transport or shuttle protein.”
What makes YAP especially interesting is that, in response to mechanical forces acting on the tissue, “it is activated and enters the nucleus, where it switches on several genes that determine the growth of the affected organ,” explained Echarri Aguirre. “Moreover, YAP is mutated in many diseases, making it even more interesting,” added study first author María García, a PhD student.
Nevertheless, although YAP has been studied extensively due to its roles in organ regeneration, cardiovascular disease, and cancer, its nuclear entry route and the nuclear shuttle protein it interacts with were unknown.
The CNIC scientists have now shown that the YAP shuttle protein partner is importin-7, which binds YAP and transports it to the nucleus, where it can induce cell and tissue growth.
The CNIC team, in partnership with colleagues at the Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry in Germany and the Instituto Cajal in Madrid, have also demonstrated that YAP monopolizes importin-7, thereby restricting nuclear access by other factors. The study thus shows that YAP not only controls genes important for organ growth, but also regulates nuclear shuttle activity and the nuclear import of other factors, according to the researchers.
The Nature Communications study also identifies a new target for the pharmacological blockade of nuclear import; by reducing the expression of importin-7 in organs of the fruit fly Drosophila, the scientists were able to block YAP nuclear import and thus prevent excess organ growth.
“This finding has major clinical potential,” noted García, “because the progression of several diseases, including atherosclerosis, cancer, and fibrosis, is in part driven by uncontrolled and deleterious nuclear import of YAP.
“Blocking the binding of YAP to importin-7 would thus provide a way to prevent inappropriate YAP nuclear entry and subsequent disease.”
