With recent evidence showing that one of the key proteins involved in the formation of Parkinson’s disease (PD), α-synuclein, beginning its pathological origins in the gut, it may come as little surprise that higher exposure to commonly used oral antibiotics is linked to an increased risk of Parkinson’s disease. While a seemingly logical progression, this theory had little support until recently, when researchers from the Helsinki University Hospital, Finland, published their recent findings in Movement Disorders through an article titled “Antibiotic exposure and risk of Parkinson’s disease in Finland: A nationwide case‐control study.”

The investigators found that excessive use of certain antibiotics can predispose to Parkinson’s disease with a delay of up to 10 to 15 years—a connection that may be explained by their disruptive effects on the gut microbial ecosystem. Interestingly, the strongest associations were found for broad-spectrum antibiotics and those that act against anaerobic bacteria and fungi. Moreover, the timing of antibiotic exposure also seemed to matter.

“The link between antibiotic exposure and Parkinson’s disease fits the current view that in a significant proportion of patients the pathology of Parkinson’s may originate in the gut, possibly related to microbial changes, years before the onset of typical Parkinson motor symptoms such as slowness, muscle stiffness, and shaking of the extremities,” explained senior study investigator Filip Scheperjans, MD, PhD, a neurologist in the department of neurology of Helsinki University Hospital. “It was known that the bacterial composition of the intestine in Parkinson’s patients is abnormal, but the cause is unclear. Our results suggest that some commonly used antibiotics, which are known to strongly influence the gut microbiota, could be a predisposing factor.”

In the gut, pathological changes typical of Parkinson’s disease have been observed up to 20 years before diagnosis. Constipation, irritable bowel syndrome, and inflammatory bowel disease have been associated with a higher risk of developing Parkinson’s disease.

Furthermore, exposure to antibiotics has been shown to cause changes in the gut microbiome and their use is associated with an increased risk of several diseases, such as psychiatric disorders and Crohn’s disease. However, these diseases or increased susceptibility to infection do not explain the now observed relationship between antibiotics and Parkinson’s.

“The discovery may also have implications for antibiotic prescribing practices in the future,” Scheperjans noted. “In addition to the problem of antibiotic resistance, antimicrobial prescribing should also take into account their potentially long-lasting effects on the gut microbiome and the development of certain diseases.”

The possible association of antibiotic exposure with Parkinson’s disease was investigated in a case-control study using data extracted from national registries. The study compared antibiotic exposure during the years 1998–2014 in 13,976 Parkinson’s disease patients and compared it with 40,697 nonaffected persons matched for the age, sex, and place of residence.

Antibiotic exposure was examined over three different time periods: 1–5, 5–10, and 10–15 years prior to the index date, based on oral antibiotic purchase data. Exposure was classified based on the number of purchased courses. Exposure was also examined by classifying antibiotics according to their chemical structure, antimicrobial spectrum, and mechanism of action.

“Exposure to certain types of oral antibiotics seems to be associated with an elevated risk of PD with a delay that is consistent with the proposed duration of a prodromal period,” the authors concluded. “The pattern of associations supports the hypothesis that effects on gut microbiota could link antibiotics to PD, but further studies are needed to confirm this.”

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