A new technique may help scientists study the body’s immune response to intestinal parasite infections one gut cell at a time, according to a study (“High-dimensional analysis of intestinal immune cells during helminth infection”) published in eLife.
Intestinal parasites are a serious threat to both humans and livestock in large parts of Africa, South America, and Asia. The findings, originally posted as a preprint on bioRxiv, could lead to a better understanding of how adult parasites evade the immune system and to test ways to boost the immune response to fight these infections. A parasite’s larvae may infect humans and other organisms through contaminated food or by penetrating bare skin. Once the parasites grow into adults inside the body, the immune system has a hard time getting rid of them and scientists have found it challenging to study immune cells in infected tissues.
“Single cell isolation from helminth-infected murine intestines has been notoriously difficult, due to the strong anti-parasite type 2 immune responses that drive mucus production, tissue remodeling and immune cell infiltration. Through the systematic optimization of a standard intestinal digestion protocol, we were able to successfully isolate millions of immune cells from the heavily infected duodenum,” write the investigators.
“To validate that these cells gave an accurate representation of intestinal immune responses, we analyzed them using a high-dimensional spectral flow cytometry panel and confirmed our findings by confocal microscopy. Our cell isolation protocol and high-dimensional analysis allowed us to identify many known hallmarks of anti-parasite immune responses throughout the entire course of helminth infection and has the potential to accelerate single-cell discoveries of local helminth immune responses that have previously been unfeasible.”
“One big problem has been the difficulty to extract immune cells from an infected gut, as the infection causes very strong local reactions such as intense cellular slime production to try and flush the worms out,” says senior author Johannes Mayer, PhD, research fellow at the Malaghan Institute of Medical Research in Wellington, New Zealand.
Mayer and colleagues tested many different ways to extract immune cells from the guts of mice infected with an intestinal parasite called Heligmosomoides polygyrus bakeri. Most of their attempts failed, but they eventually developed a method that isolated millions of immune cells from the infected animals’ guts. The technique involves three washes with EDTA, an agent to remove the mucus, lasting for 10 minutes. This is followed by 30 minutes in a solution of enzymes that help break down the tissue into individual cells, and then cell filtration.
“This allowed us to study the individual immune cells for the first time,” explains lead author Laura Ferrer-Font, PhD, staff scientist at the Malaghan Institute of Medical Research. “We used a new technology called spectral flow cytometry to look at many different types of immune cells all at the same time and identified various changes that take place throughout the course of parasitic infection.”
The team also verified that the immune changes they saw in the cells were representative of the immune changes that occurred in the tissue taken from the infected animals, ensuring that the cell-extraction process did not skew their findings.
“Now that we have found a way to extract immune cells from parasite-infected guts, we can start to answer important questions about the immune response,” Mayer notes. “This technique will enable scientists to use powerful tools like single-cell RNA sequencing to study the immune response in different hosts. It might also help those studying inflammatory bowel disorders or food allergies to extract single cells from the gut for further investigation.”
