Using an ultra-sensitive and high-throughput isolation technology (termed imPACT Isolation Technology®) designed to isolate neoepitope specific T cells, UCLA scientists report that they were able to characterize and identify the neoantigens driving the antitumor responses in a patient treated with anti-PD-1 blockade and isolate the T-cell receptors responsible for such effect.
The researchers presented their findings at a conference titled, “Immune Cell Therapies for Cancer: Successes and Challenges of CAR T Cells and Other Forms of Adoptive Therapy,” which closed yesterday in San Francisco.
Using immune checkpoint inhibitors to treat people with metastatic melanoma has helped transform the way people with the deadliest skin cancer are treated. Despite its success, there are still many people who do not benefit from the treatment. Up until now, adoptive cell therapy, which involves extracting and harvesting T cells from a patient and engineering them in the laboratory, have targeted shared antigens. That restricts many of the people that can potentially be treated with the therapy because not every cancer has the same antigen that needs to be targeted.
Researchers are working to improve methods to identify new targets for these therapies in hopes to develop more effective and personalized therapies.
The UCLA team analyzed T-cell responses in two patients with advanced melanoma, one who responded to anti-PD1 therapy and one who did not respond to the therapy. Using samples collected before and during treatment, the team isolated the T cells specifically recognizing the mutations on the tumor by using the imPACT Isolation Technology developed by PACT Pharma. The method allows researchers to identify the T cells, and their T-cell receptors, that have the ability to detect mutations.
After identifying the T-cell receptors, they were re-introduced in T cells from peripheral blood using a nonviral genome engineering method to generate new neoantigen-specific T cells that were used to kill melanoma cells from the same patient.
“In the setting of patients treated with anti-PD1, we identified for the first time, in a high-throughput manner, which neoantigen mutations in the tumor are being targeted by T cells. More importantly, we were able to identify their T-cell receptors and demonstrate that they can actually specifically kill the tumor cells,” said lead author Cristina Puig-Saus, PhD, associate project scientist in hematology/oncology at the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA. “We hope that a better understanding of the T-cell responses that occur after immune checkpoint blockade will guide the design of personalized adoptive T-cell therapies.”
Uncovering new ways to identify targets for immunotherapies significantly increases the number of patients who will benefit from immunotherapy, noted Puig-Sans. The imPACT Isolation technology allows researchers to identify the mutation-specific T cells and understand which mutations are inducing responses against tumors, according to the researchers.
