Researchers Jonathan Kipnis (from left), Jasmin Herz and Antoine Louveau of the University of Virginia School of Medicine's Department of Neuroscience have determined that lymphatic vessels surrounding the brain play a critical role in multiple sclerosis. Targeting the vessels may offer a new way to treat the disease. [Dan Addison/University of Virginia Communications]
Researchers Jonathan Kipnis (from left), Jasmin Herz and Antoine Louveau of the University of Virginia School of Medicine’s Department of Neuroscience have determined that lymphatic vessels surrounding the brain play a critical role in multiple sclerosis. Targeting the vessels may offer a new way to treat the disease. [Dan Addison/University of Virginia Communications]

Scientists at the University of Virginia (UVA) School of Medicine suggest that lymphatic vessels that clean the brain of harmful material may play a crucial role in the development and progression of multiple sclerosis. The vessels appear to carry previously unknown messages from the brain to the immune system that ultimately trigger the disease symptoms. 

Blocking those messages may offer doctors a new way to treat a potentially devastating condition that affects more than two million people, according to the researchers, who add that their discovery identified lymphatic vessels surrounding the brain were vessels that textbooks long insisted did not exist. The team, which published its study (“CNS lymphatic drainage and neuroinflammation are regulated by meningeal lymphatic vasculature”) in Nature Neuroscience, also determined that the vessels play an important role in not only multiple sclerosis but, most likely, many other neuroinflammatory diseases and in dangerous brain infections. 

 “Neuroinflammatory diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, are characterized by invasion of the brain by autoreactive T cells. The mechanism for how T cells acquire their encephalitogenic phenotype and trigger disease remains, however, unclear. The existence of lymphatic vessels in the meninges indicates a relevant link between the CNS and peripheral immune system, perhaps affecting autoimmunity. Here we demonstrate that meningeal lymphatics fulfill two critical criteria: they assist in the drainage of cerebrospinal fluid components and enable immune cells to enter draining lymph nodes in a CCR7-dependent manner,” write the investigators.

“Unlike other tissues, meningeal lymphatic endothelial cells do not undergo expansion during inflammation, and they express a unique transcriptional signature. Notably, the ablation of meningeal lymphatics diminishes pathology and reduces the inflammatory response of brain-reactive T cells during an animal model of multiple sclerosis. Our findings demonstrate that meningeal lymphatics govern inflammatory processes and immune surveillance of the CNS and pose a valuable target for therapeutic intervention.”

“Our data suggests that there is a signal coming from the brain to the lymph nodes that tells immune cells to get back into the brain, causing the [multiple sclerosis] pathology,” says researcher Antoine Louveau, Ph.D., of UVA's department of neuroscience and its Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG). “This is an important proof of principle that exploring the role of these vessels in different neurological disorders, including multiple sclerosis, is worth it.”

The researchers at UVA, led by Jonathan Kipnis, Ph.D., chairman of UVA's department of neuroscience and director of the BIG Center, were able to impede the development of multiple sclerosis in mice by targeting the lymphatic vessels surrounding the brain. They used multiple strategies to block the lymphatics or destroy them with a precision laser. All led to the same outcome: a decrease in the number of destructive immune cells capable of causing paralysis. 

“The idea was to prevent more widespread damage to the nervous system,” says Jasmin Herz, Ph.D., researcher at UVA. “If communication of brain inflammation through lymphatic vessels is the root cause of multiple sclerosis, therapies targeting these vessels could be clinically important.” 

The message from the brain that appears to drive multiple sclerosis remains poorly understood. The researchers can tell the message is being sent, and they can tell what it is instructing the immune system to do, but they don't yet know what mechanism the brain is using to send it. “I think the next step in this specific research is to identify what that signal is. Is it a cellular signal, is it a molecular signal?” Dr. Louveau says. “And then to try to target that signal specifically.”

The researchers noted that removing the vessels did not stop multiple sclerosis entirely. That suggests there are likely other factors at play.

UVA's new research offers important insight into the function and role of the lymphatic vessels that connect the brain to the immune system. In most aspects, they work exactly as scientists would expect—just like other lymphatic vessels in the body.

“Meningeal lymphatic vessels are quite small compared to other lymphatics in the body, and we and others wondered if this might limit the amount and size of cargo they can pass through,” notes Dr. Herz. “During inflammation, they did not change in size or complexity much, but what was really exciting to discover [was that] they allowed whole immune cells to traffic through them, and we found the molecular cues for that.”

But the lab's recent research also highlights the complexity doctors face when trying to manipulate the vessels to benefit human health. For example, blocking the vessels had a benefit in the multiple sclerosis model, but the lab has also shown that the vessels' healthy function is vital to staving off Alzheimer's disease and preventing the cognitive decline that comes with age. 

That means that it's unlikely that stopping MS could be as simple as blocking the flow inside the vessels. It also suggests that there is probably no one treatment approach that will work for every neurological disorder. But the emerging importance of the vessels offers doctors an exciting new avenue for tackling neurological diseases.

“These findings on the role of brain-draining lymphatic vessels in MS, together with our recent work on their role in Alzheimer's disease, demonstrate that the brain and the immune system are closely interacting. When these interactions go out of control, pathologies emerge,” explains Dr. Kipnis, chairman of UVA's Department of Neuroscience and director of the BIG Center. “The idea that we could target major neurological disorders through therapeutic manipulation of peripheral structures, such as lymphatic vessels, is beyond exciting. Through our collaboration with PureTech Health, we hope to bring these laboratory findings to improve patients' lives one day.”

Dr. Kipnis recently signed a deal with PureTech Health to explore the potential clinical applications of his discoveries.

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